Roach tweaked his left thigh while bowling the fifth ball of his seventh over on day four of the first Test at Optus Stadium on Saturday.
The 34-year-old bowled one more delivery before slowly trudging off the ground at the drinks break.
Roach will undergo scans to determine the extent of the damage.
The day-night Test in Adelaide starts on December 8, leaving Roach little time to recover.
The 74-Test veteran had 1-30 to his name in Australia's second innings after returning figures of 0-91 in the first dig.
His injury was another blow to a West Indies outfit that has been left bruised and battered in Perth.
Batsman Nkrumah Bonner was ruled out with concussion after copping a 140km/h bouncer to the helmet from Cameron Green, while allrounder Kyle Mayers was not able to bowl again after injuring his shoulder.
Debutant Tagenarine Chanderpaul needed several minutes of treatment after being struck on the testicles early in his innings.
Chanderpaul was on eight at the time, but recovered to make 51.
Australia declared their second innings at 2-182 at lunch on day four, setting the West Indies a victory target of 498 in five sessions.
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