The scoreless result came as something of a surprise after both teams created plenty of chances on Monday night (Tuesday AEDT). Italy stayed devoted to coach Luciano Spalletti's all-action attacking style despite needing only to avoid defeat.
Elsewhere in Group C, England completed an unbeaten qualifying campaign by drawing 1-1 at North Macedonia.
Harry Kane forced an equaliser via an own goal just seconds after coming on as a substitute.
The Bayern Munich striker entered in the 58th minute and his first action was to challenge Jani Atanasov at a corner swung in by Phil Foden. The ball struck the North Macedonia midfielder and rebounded into the net.
That cancelled out the opener from Enis Bardhi, who tucked away a rebound after his penalty was saved by England goalkeeper Jordan Pickford in the 41st minute.
The spot kick was awarded when Rico Lewis — the Manchester City defender making his England debut — was adjudged to have struck Bojan Miovski in the face with his hand as he made a clearing header.
England had already secured qualification for next year's tournament in Germany and finished with six wins and two draws, six points clear of second-placed Italy.
Gareth Southgate's side beat North Macedonia 7-0 at home earlier in qualifying.
Federico Chiesa, Giovanni di Lorenzo and Davide Frattesi all missed excellent chances in the first half for Italy, for which goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma charged down a shot from Mykhailo Mudryk to stop Ukraine taking the lead after his own misjudgement off a long throw gave Mudryk the chance.
Ukraine were angered by a decision not to give them a penalty in added time for what seemed like a trip on Mudryk by Bryan Cristante.
The game was technically a home fixture for Ukraine but was played at Bayer Leverkusen's stadium in Germany because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Ukraine could still qualify for Euro 2024 via the playoffs.
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