Taliban spokesmen confirmed that Akhundzada, who is based in the southern city of Kandahar, had come to the capital Kabul for the all-male gathering of some 3000 participants.
After receiving pledges of allegiance from participants raising their hands, Akhundzada praised the Taliban's victory last August, which marked the end of a 20-year struggle to overthrow a western-backed government and drive US-led forces out of the country.
"The success of the Afghan jihad is not only a source of pride for Afghans but also for Muslims all over the world," he said according to state-run Bakhtar News Agency, using the Arabic word signifying a spiritual struggle.
When the Islamist movement unveiled its interim government in September, the mysterious Akhundzada retained the role he has held since 2016 of supreme leader, the group's ultimate authority, but he is rarely seen publicly.
His address to the gathering of religious leaders comes a week after a deadly earthquake hit eastern Afghanistan, and exposed the lack of support the Taliban can count on from the international community.
The Afghan economy has plunged into crisis, as Western governments have withdrawn funding and strictly enforced sanctions, saying that the Taliban government needs to change course on human and women's rights.
In Thursday's speech, Akhundzada asked traders to return and invest in the country, saying overseas aid could not build the economy and would make Afghans more dependent on foreign money.
"Thank God, we are now an independent country. (Foreigners) should not give us their orders, it is our system and we have our own decisions," he said according to Bakhtar.
"We have a relationship of devotion to one God, we cannot accept the orders of others who God does not like," he said.
He said the group wanted peace and security and that neighbouring nations had nothing to fear.
The Kabul gathering began on Thursday under tight security.
At one point, sustained gunfire erupted near the venue, which Taliban spokesmen said was the result of security men firing at a "suspicious location", and the situation was under control.
At least one participant had called for girls' high schools to be opened but it was unclear how widespread support was for that proposal.
Deputy Taliban chief and acting interior minister Sirajuddin Haqqani addressed the meeting on Friday, saying the world was demanding inclusive government and education, and the issues needed time.
"This gathering is about trust, interaction, we are here to make our future according to Islam and to national interests," he said.
The Taliban went back on an announcement that all schools would open in March, leaving many girls who had turned up at their high schools in tears and drawing criticism from Western governments.
Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said that they would respect the decisions of those at the meeting but the final say on girls' education was up to the supreme leader.
A hardline cleric whose son was a suicide bomber, Akhundzada has spent most of his leadership in the shadows, letting others take the lead in negotiations that ultimately saw the US and their allies leave Afghanistan last August after 20 years of fighting a grinding counter-insurgency war.Â
