Struggling with back spasms and cramp, he made an unbeaten 201 in Mumbai's Wankhede Stadium.
Here are the facts and figures surrounding his record-breaking knock.
Despite cramp and back trouble, Glenn Maxwell still conjured a record knock in Mumbai.
*Australia's first men's one-day international double century. The highest ODI score by a male Australian player before was the 185 not out by Shane Watson against Bangladesh in 2011.
*Only the third double century ever at a men's World Cup. West Indies star Chris Gayle thumped a record of 215 against Zimbabwe in 2015 before New Zealand's Martin Guptill topped it with 237no against the Windies later in the tournament.
*Only the ninth man to make an ODI double hundred, of which there have only ever been 11. Maxwell made Australia the fifth nation on that list - India with seven from Rohit Sharma, Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag, Ishan Kishan and Shubman Gill, while Fakhar Zaman hit 210 not out for Pakistan against Zimbabwe in 2018.
*The fastest World Cup double hundred - off 128 balls. Gayle took 138 balls to reach the landmark and Guptill 152. Kishan narrowly held on to the fastest-ever ODI double, in 126 balls against Bangladesh last year.
*Maxwell hit 10 sixes to go with 21 fours. Only Guptill, with 24 fours and 11 sixes in his 237, has scored more runs in boundaries in a World Cup innings.
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*Maxwell and captain Pat Cummins, who contributed 12 runs to a lop-sided partnership, set a new eighth-wicket partnership record in ODIs with their unbroken 202, which destroyed the previous record - an unbroken 138 between South Africa's Justin Kemp and Andrew Hall against India in 2006. Australia's previous best was 119 between Paul Reiffel and Shane Warne against the Proteas in 1994.
*It was the first 200 stand for any wicket from the seventh downwards.
*Mitch Marsh's 24 was the second-highest score as Maxwell racked up 68.6 per cent of Australia's runs in the innings. Only West Indies great Sir Viv Richards has ever scored a greater share of his team's runs in a completed ODI innings, 189no in a total of 9-272 against England in 1984 (69.5 per cent).
LIST OF HIGHEST SCORES IN MEN'S ODIs
264 - Rohit Sharma, India v Sri Lanka, Kolkata, 2014
237no - Martin Guptill, New Zealand v West Indies, Wellington, 2015
219 - Virender Sehwag, India v West Indies, Indore, 2011
215 - Chris Gayle, West Indies v Zimbabwe, Canberra, 2015
210no - Fakhar Zaman, Pakistan v Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, 2018
210 - Ishan Kishan, India v Bangladesh, Chattogram, 2022
209 - Rohit Sharma, India v Australia, Bengaluru, 2013
208no - Rohit Sharma, India v Sri Lanka, Mohali, 2017
208 - Shubman Gill, India v New Zealand, Hyderabad, 2023
201no - Glenn Maxwell, Australia v Afghanistan, Mumbai, 2023
200 - Sachin Tendulkar, India v South Africa, Gwalior, 2010
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